The Jewish Ghetto and Museo Ebraico


The Campo del Ghetto Nuovo. (Photo by Avital Pinnick)

The world's first ghetto was the walled quarter Venice created for its Jews in the 16th century

The Jewish Ghetto is home to the only medieval skyscrapers in Venice.
The Jewish Ghetto is home to the only medieval "skyscrapers" in Venice. (Photo by Deror avi)
As centers of trade and the meeting places of disparate peoples interested more in conducting commerce than examining cultural differences, the major mercantile and maritime powers of the Middle Ages generally operated as fairly open-minded and tolerant societies (at least relative to most other city-states of the era).

The Republic of Venice was no exception, but what was seen as remarkably open and welcoming to their eyes looks, to our modern sensibilities, to be outrageously prejudiced.

How the Jews got to Venice

To summarize and oversimplify a complex story: Most of Europe wasn't particularly welcoming of Jews in the early 16th century. (You could argue the same about nearly every century, really, but I digress.)

After their expulsion from Spain following the culmination of the Reconquista in 1492, many Jews wandered Europe searching for new homes.

Great trading centers like Venice were a natural magnet, since most careers in the late medieval European economy were closed to Jews but there was one major one that was not.

The Scola Levantina, a Sephardic synagogue built in 1541 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice.
Jews often operated as moneylenders in medieval Europe. (This anonymous French illumination of c.1270 shows that the stereotype of a greedy, hooked-nose Jew—he's on the far right—goes way back.)
In fact, Jews could perform one vital mercantile task that was forbidden to observant Christians in the late Middle Ages.

They could lend money.

The church called this usury (which was not merely bad; it was a cardinal sin).

The Jews called it banking.

Jews had done business in Venice since at least the 10th century, but for centuries the Republic went back and forth on whether it actually wanted to allow them to settle in the city.

A 1905 Baedecker's map of Vencie showing the Jewish Ghetto
The Jewish Ghetto of Venice was always a little island unto itself (detail from a 1905 Baedecker's map of Venice).
Jews were invited in and expelled with regularity until 1516, when—in what was, believe it or not, quite the liberal move for its day—Venice gave its Jewish residents permission to settle permanently on an island tucked into the northern corner of Cannaregio.

There were a few catches, however.

With few exceptions, the Jews could leave their neighborhood only by day and only for work, and—until Napoleon brought an end to the Republic in 1797—the Jews were forbidden to reside anywhere else in Venice. Jews also had to wear identification badges when they were out and about in the rest of Venice.

The Scola Levantina, a Sephardic synagogue built in 1541 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice.
The Scuola Ponentina o Spagnola, a Spanish and Portuguese synagogue built in 1580 by Bladassare Longhena in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice. (Photo courtesy of Museo Ebraico di Venezia)
In this era of general intolerance, other closed-minded cities throughout Europe thought the concept of herding all the Jews into one corner of town was a capital idea, and the practice of walling off the Jews in their own little sub-city spread rapidly...as did the Venetian term for such an area.

Since the city's foundry had previously long been located in that part of town, Venetians began referring to the Jewish neighborhood using the local dialect word for "foundry:" getowhich in the guttural pronunciation of the founding Ashkenazim population became ghetto.

Life in the Venice Jewish Ghetto

A Star of David sign in the Venice Jewish Ghetto
A Star of David sign in the Venice Jewish Ghetto. (Photo by Giovanni dell'Orto)
The Jews lived in their new miniature neighborhood of Ghetto Nuovo in semi–self-governed isolation, cut off from many opportunities in the rest of Venice and confined to working mostly in banking, textiles, medicine, and entertainment.

Their movements were greatly restricted. There were only two bridges onto the island, and Christian guards closed them an hour after sunset in summer, two hours after in winter.

Until dawn, the only Jews allowed out of the Ghetto were doctors summoned for house calls and musicians hired out for parties.

The Scola Levantina, a Sephardic synagogue built in 1541 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice.
The Scuola Levantina, a Sephardic synagogue built in 1541 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice. (Photo courtesy of Museo Ebraico di Venezia)
Still, they prospered, built five synagogues (in Venetian: Scola), and the population eventually swelled to an estimated 5,000. With no room to sprawl, this tenament-within-a-city had no place to grow but up, resulting in the only part of Venice where the medieval buildings teeter up to six and even seven stories: Europe's first high-rises.

The original core of Ashkenazim from Germany were later joined by Sephardim from Spain and Portugal. By 1541, a huge influx of Levantine Jews had the neighborhood bursting at the seams, so the city allowed the Jews to expand onto a neighboring island, confusingly named Ghetto Vecchio.

(Got that? The original island was Ghetto Nuovo, or "New Ghetto;" the second island was called Ghetto Vecchio, or "Old Ghetto," since that's where an even older foundry had been. Yes, confusing.)

In 1633, the neighborhood grew yet again to encompass the Ghetto Novissimo ("Really New Ghetto").

There was a short-lived second Republic of Venice in 1848–49 headed by local hero Danieli Manin, who had Jewish roots.As I said, the invasion of Napoleon brought Enlightenment ideals, full citizenship for Jews, and the abolishment of the Ghetto in 1797, but the Hapsburgs who swooped in after him demoted the Jews back to restricted status (though the full Ghetto lifestyle was not reinstated).

Venice's Jewish population didn't gain final freedom of the city until the unification movement that created the modern state of Italy swept through in 1866.

Even then, the Fascist era returned Jews one again to the status second-class citizens from 1938 until after World War II.

For more information on Jewish life and happenings in Venice, visit www.jvenice.org, moked.it/veneziaebraica, and www.ghetto.it.Relatively speaking, Italy's Jews fared the war better than those in Central and Northern Europe, but still: of the 204 Venetian Jews deported to Nazi death camps, only eight returned.

The post-war Jewish population of Venice dwindled rapidly. In 1945 there were around 1,500 Jews in Venice. Two decades later, there were only 844.

Visiting the Venice Jewish Ghetto today

The Scola Canton, an Ashkenazi synagogue built in 1531 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice.
The Scuola Canton, an Ashkenazi synagogue built in 1531 in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice. (Photo courtesy of Ghetto.it)
These days, Venice is home only to an estimated 500–600 Jews, of which only 30 or so still live in the historic Ghetto.

The ghetto remains, however, the focal point of Jewish life in Venice, with two operating synagogues, a Jewish library, day school, kosher food shops, a Jewish bakery, and—this being Venice, after all—a glass shop selling tiny glass rabbis and glass Hanukkah lamps.

There's also the small Museo Ebraico, or Jewish Museum (a.k.a. the Museo della Comunità Ebraica, or Museo of the Jewish Community), with a collection of 16th– to 19th-century artifacts (tel. +39-041-715-359
www.museoebraico.it). It is open Sun-Fri: June-Sept 10am–7pm, Oct-May 10am–5:30pm.

The museum offers excellent guided tours, in Italian and English, of the neighborhood and several of its synagogues, usually the following three: Scola Canton (Ashkenazi), Scola Levantina (Sephardic), and Scola Italiana (Italian)—though some tours (and special visits) also take you into the beautiful Scola Ponentina or Scola Spagnola (Spanish).

Tours depart hourly Sun-Fri from 10:30am to 5:30pm (Oct-May, the last tour is at 4:30pm); on Friday, the last tour of the day may be shortened or eliminated.

Venice Jewish Ghetto tours

image
Duration: 3 hours
Cost: $101 per person 
Private: $430 per group 
Book: Reserve it

Shylock’s Venice

Tucked into a placid corner of the Cannaregio area, this walk explores the enduring legacy of the world's first Jewish ghetto. Context has designed this fascinating walk to reveal an aspect of the city most visitors never see—one refracted through the rich Jewish history of the lagoon city. We will begin the walk by stepping into the ghetto, the home of the Jewish Venetian community (so vividly depicted in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice), founded in 1516; its quiet fascination and serenity entrances all. We will spend time visiting the Synagogue, which brings special insight to the ghetto and its religious practices, as well as two moving memorials to Italian Jews lost in World Wars I and II. ...

image
Duration: 3 hours
Cost: From $158 per person
Book: Reserve it

Jewish Venice & Cannaregio

A melancholy calm permeates the Venetian Ghetto, which today is home to a mere 50 Jews. During the Renaissance, however, it was a beehive of activity with an intense cultural life and five Synagogues to serve the various nationalities of Jews who settled here. The oldest of these is the Scuola Tedesca of 1528 where German Jews followed the Ashkenazi rite, while the Scuola Levantina (1538) and Scuola Ponentina (1580) administered to Sephardic Jews from the Balkans and Spain. We will visit several of these Synagogues, as well as the Jewish Museum with its fascinating collection of antique ketubboth, or marriage contracts. A striking bronze monument to the Holocaust stands in the Ghetto's main square. ...

Tips & links

Details

Jewish Ghetto & Museo Ebraico
Campo Gheto Novo 2902\b, Cannaregio
Vaporetto: S. Marcuola - Ghetto or Ponte delle Guglie - Ghetto
tel. +39-041-715-359
www.museoebraico.it

Open Jun-Sep: Sun-Fri, 10am–7pm
Open Oct-May: Sun-Fri, 10am–5:30pm

Info on Venice's Jewish community:
www.jvenice.org
www.ghetto.it
moked.it/veneziaebraica

Venice Jewish Ghetto & Synagogue tours
• Context: Shylock's Venice
• Jewish Venice & Cannaregio

Tours
Book a tour of the Venetian Ghetto neighborhood:

How long does a visit to the Jewish Ghetto take?

Planning your day: To take a glance at the Venice Jewish Ghetto only takes 15 minutes—but if youre coming all the way up here, I imagine you'll want to stick around and take a tour or two.

The museum's synagogue tours leave hourly on the half hour from Sunday to Friday from 10:30am to 5:30pm (3:30pm Oct–May; tours may end an hour earlier on Fridays to avoid going past sundown), and make an excellent companion to the walking tour of Cannaregio and the Ghetto offered our partner Viator.

Venice itineraries

Tuesday concerts

Recently, the museum has been sponsoring concerts of Jewish music Tuesdays at 5:30pm. Check to see if it's still going on when you visit.

Tour the Jewish cemetery on the Lido

If you book ahead by phone (tel. +39-041-715-359), the museum can also arrange visits to the Jewish cemetery on the Lido.

Nearby sights, dining, hotels


Sights nearby
★★★ Grand Canal (canal)
Giardini Savorgnan (park)
★★ Ca d'Oro (palace/museum)
Rialto Bridge (bridge)

Where to eat nearby

Brek [light meal]
Pizzeria Ae Oche [light meal]
Trattoria Cea [meal]
» Where to eat Kosher in Venice

Hotels nearby
Hotel Locanda del Ghetto [cheap]
RR Bernardi-Semenzato [cheap]
RR Ariel Silva [cheap]

» More hotels in Cannaregio from Booking.com

» Kosher lodgings in Venice

Venice links & resources

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Details
Jewish Ghetto & Museo Ebraico
Campo Gheto Novo 2902\b, Cannaregio
Vaporetto: S. Marcuola - Ghetto or Ponte delle Guglie - Ghetto
tel. +39-041-715-359
www.museoebraico.it
or
www.coopculture.it

Open Jun-Sep: Sun-Fri, 10am–7pm
Open Oct-May: Sun-Fri, 10am–5:30pm


Info on Venice's Jewish community:
www.jvenice.org
www.ghetto.it
moked.it/veneziaebraica

Venice Jewish Ghetto & Synagogue tours
• Context: Shylock's Venice
• Jewish Venice & Cannaregio
Nearby

Sights nearby
★★★ Grand Canal (canal)
Giardini Savorgnan (park)
★★ Ca d'Oro (palace/museum)
Rialto Bridge (bridge)

Where to eat nearby

Brek [light meal]
Pizzeria Ae Oche [light meal]
Trattoria Cea [meal]
» Where to eat Kosher in Venice

Hotels nearby
Hotel Locanda del Ghetto [cheap]
RR Bernardi-Semenzato [cheap]
RR Ariel Silva [cheap]

» More hotels in Cannaregio from Booking.com

» Kosher lodgings in Venice


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TK
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